Human LT-α His-Flag

Choosing the right control antibody is essential for ensuring the accuracy and specificity of antibody-based experiments. Traditional isotype controls offer basic validation, but they often fall short when it comes to more complex applications like cell-based assays or in vivo studies. That’s where Z-MAB®, the zero-binding monoclonal antibody from AB Biosciences, redefines what a control antibody should be. Engineered for Specificity – Without Off-Target Binding Z-MAB® antibodies are designed with recombinantly silenced CDRs, ensuring they do not bind any target antigen, yet fully retain native Fc structure and function. Unlike standard isotype controls that may still bind off-target molecules in cells or tissues, Z-MAB® antibodies minimize background and false signals across assays—from flow cytometry to immunoprecipitation and animal studies. Species and Isotype Matched Z-MAB® controls are available in species- and isotype-matched formats, which is critical for Fc receptor compatibility and for accurate interpretation of results using species-specific secondary antibodies. This is especially important in cell signaling, ADCC/CDC assays, and immune profiling in both human and animal models. Validated for Structural Intactness Each Z-MAB® antibody is rigorously QC-tested using reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE to confirm protein integrity. This ensures reliable performance in Fc receptor binding, complement activation, and accurate epitope recognition. Glycan-Matched Formats for Functional Accuracy Fc glycosylation—specifically at Asn297—is crucial for effector functions. Z-MAB® antibodies are offered in glycosylated and aglycosylated forms to match your testing antibody’s effector profile, enabling precise comparisons in functional assays. Endotoxin Controlled and Aggregation-Free All Z-MAB® antibodies are purified to low endotoxin levels, reducing inflammation artifacts in cell-based or in vivo models. They are also verified for homogeneity by SEC to eliminate aggregates that could skew receptor interactions. Consistent Formulation Formulated in isotonic, neutral pH buffers, Z-MAB® antibodies mirror the formulation of standard testing antibodies, eliminating buffer-related variables in functional studies. Z-MAB® is more than an isotype control—it's the gold standard for functional antibody validation. Shop Z-MAB® control antibodies

03/31/2023 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the humoral arm of the adaptive immune system. An individual IgG molecule is made of two heterodimers each consists of one heavy chain and one light chain joined by the disulfide linkages at the hinge region. In each heavy chain, there is a single glycan attached to the Asn 297 (N297) residue near the top of the CH2 region. This N-linked glycan is critical for the structure and functions of the IgG. IgG has two functional activities endowing with it the ability to serve as a liaison between the pathogens and the immune effector functions. The effector functions include the cellular (Fc receptor-expressing leukocytes) and soluble (complement) components. Human IgG Fc receptors include the FcγR1, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, FcγRIIIA, FcγRIIIB and FcRn. FcγRI binds to monomeric IgG Fc with high affinity. In contrast, the monomeric IgG does not bind to FcγRII and FcγRIII unless it is bound with multi-valent antigens wherein secure binding of the immunocomplexes to these Fc receptors with avidity interaction. FcRn transports the IgG across the placenta. It also protects IgG from being proteolyzed while cycling through the endocytic vesicles. Stable binding to FcRn under mild acidic conditions in these vesicles is essential for IgG’s long half-life in circulation. With the dual functional activities, Immunoglobulin can bind to an antigen on target cells through the Fab region, followed by engaging Fc receptors expressed on the surface of immune cells through the Fc region, and triggering antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or antibody-dependent cell mediated phagocytosis (ADCP), or to recruit serum complement and trigger complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC). Bindings of Fcγ receptors and C1q are N-297-linked glycan dependent Asn-297 linked glycan at the upper CH2 region governs the conformation of the overlapped binding sites of complement C1q and Fcγ receptors. Removal of the N-linked glycan leads to less constrained conformation at the upper CH2 region resulting in lowered thermal stability and compromised interaction with Fcγ receptor and lead to inability to trigger ADCC, ADCP and CDC. FcRn binds to the juncture between CH2 and CH3 regions. Removal of the N-297-linked glycan does not affect antibody’s interaction with FcRn. Hence, normal IgG and its aglycosylated counterpart exhibit similar half-life in circulation. Structurally, the presence of the N-297-linked glycan stabilizes the conformation around the joined upper CH2 regions and confers the resistance to thermal denaturation and aggregation caused by low pH conditions. Functionally, the N-297-linked glycan is essential for IgG to interact with all Fc receptors with the exception of FcRn. In the absence of this glycan, IgG is no longer capable of performing its “liaison” function resulting loss of its ability to trigger ADCC, ADCP and CDC. FcRn binds to the juncture of heavy chain CH2 and CH3 regions. Thus, its binding is not affected by removal of N-297 glycan as such normal IgG and its aglycosylated counterpart exhibit a comparable half-life in circulation. For oncological applications, the effector functions of the therapeutic antibody are highly desirable. On the other hand, for many other applications where the MOA (mechanism of action) of therapeutic antibody is meant to be neutralizing, agonistic, or antagonistic, the effector functions is not necessary or may even be undesirable. As a therapeutical candidate glycosylated IgG has some advantages in developmental process despite its slightly altered biophysical properties. One advantage is a simpler manufacturing process as the heterogeneity of the oligosaccharides associated with the N297 glycan is no longer a concern. In addition, the aglycosylated IgG can be produced more economically using the bacteria and yeast. Examples of the aglycosylated IgG as clinical candidate including TRX1, TRX4, and TRX 518 from Tolerx (Cambrdige, Massachusetts, USA), ALD518 from Alder Biopharmaceuticals (Bothell, Washington, USA), and OA-5D5 from Roche (San Francisco, California, USA) indicating that aglycosylated IgGs are suitable for therapeutical applications.  Choosing a control antibody is critical for testing the specific activity of an antibody of interest. AB Biosciences has engineered a series of bona fide control antibodies (Please see Z-MAB®) including all isotypes of human, mouse and rat origins. Z-MAB® has no active antigen-binding activity yet retains the overall antibody structure and conformation. It is therefore an excellent control agent for all antibody studies. To generate the matched aglycosylated control antibody, AB Biosciences introduced the N297A mutation to each of the wildtype ZmAbs. Hence for each isotype IgG of human, mouse and rat origins, ZmAbs with wildtype Fc and the aglycosylated Fc are available (Z-MAB®). Specifically the aglycosylated Z-mAb offers an unprecedented advantage for evaluting the specific activity of aglycosylated antibodies of interest.   References  Dmitrij Hristodorov, Rainer Fischer, Lars Linden (2013) With or without sugar? (A)glycosylation of therapeutic antibodies. Mol Biotechnol 54:1056-68. Man-Seok Ju and Sang Taek Jung (2014) Aglycosylatedfull-length IgG antibodies: steps toward next-generation immunotherapeutics. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 30:128-39. Yusuke Mimura, Toshihiko Katoh, Radka Saldova, Roisin O'Flaherty, Tomonori Izumi, Yuka Mimura-Kimura, Toshiaki Utsunomiya, Yoichi Mizukami, Kenji Yamamoto, Tsuneo Matsumoto, Pauline M Rudd  (2018) Glycosylation engineering of therapeutic IgG antibodies: challenges for the safety, functionality and efficacy. Protein Cell 9:47-62.

Low endotoxin content is critical for protein reagents. This is because interaction of endotoxin with TLR/CD14/MD2 complexes and TRP channels can trigger an abundant variety of cellular responses which can lead to experimental results difficult to be interpreted.

the classical IgG Fc receptors serve as bridges connecting humoral responses and cell-medicated immune responses. The MHC-class I like FcRn binds to antibodies and protects the latter from being degraded through their endocytic journal. As such FcRn can safely recycle the antibodies and lead to the long systemic half life of the latter.